Trips are an inseparable aspect of our lives, and nowadays their purposes have been changed and their number has increased. Most of the Trips are done by cars, which make lots of harmful influences on our environment (such as pollution, global warming, and lack of energy sources), and they also bring about negative impacts on the economy and society. In order to have sustainable development, transportation managers should make long-term investments and policies on public transportation and active travel modes. In view of that, in addition to socio-economic variables and attributes of Trips, we investigate the effect of latent psychological variables such as attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intention on Escorting elementary School Trips by employed parents. For this purpose, we analyzed and modeled the data of 4000 questionnaires filled by the parents of students of Tehran’ s Schools. Results obtained from estimating and calibrating the ordered and multinomial Logit models, show that the variables of perceived distance to School, children age, frequency of using the car to School, similarity between start time, and route travel in work and educational Trips, intention, perceived behavioral control, existence of a proper person in the family for Escorting children, suitable evaluation of one other person in family by parent and choosing public mode in case of similarity between start time, and route travel in work and educational Trips in both models were statistically significant. Therefore, we can increase motivation by carrying out programs such as: explaining the importance of environmental and traffic issues, encouraging students and parents to do Supervisional Walking Bus (SWB), building residential settlements near parents’ office and students School, creating safe routes for walking and cycling and increasing the safety of neighborhoods; these programs can increase the probability of using active modes by students.

Negative consequences of car use along with deficiencies for investment in environmental friendly modes, have driven authorities to search for soft measure in order to encourage people for modal shift. The main objective of this study is to propose a model which describes car use behavior on parents’ work Trips and how this relates to mode choice regarding their children’ s School Trips. A questionnaire survey was carried out in 24 randomly selected primary Schools in Tehran, Iran (n=4000). A mean structural analysis based on the sample (returned questionnaires =1876) demonstrates that parents who accompany their children on School Trips have a stronger intention to use car for work Trips than parents who do not accompany their children on School Trips. A structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior suggests that using car on School Trips along with car use behavior for work Trips, significantly increases the car use behavior for work Trips. Findings suggest that individuals as parents, and also parents who accompany their children on School Trips need to be considered in planning and policy setting for modal shift providing soft measures sensitive to this issue, since parents are highly influenced by their parental roles involved with children’ s requirements in School Trips.

While parents are the ultimate decision makers for their children’ s mode choice for School Trips، their mode choice in return is under the influence of their children’ s Trips requirements. This paper demonstrates how an integrated model describes transit usage for commuting Trips – both work and School Trips-in households. A sample of size 4000 households (return rate 47. 39 percent) was surveyed via physical questionnaires. Respondents had necessarily at least one child at primary School. Descriptive statistics of data showed only 732 (39 percent) of them use transit for work Trips and 216 (11percent) of children use transit for School Trips 3 times a week or more. A structural equation model، inspired by theory of planned behavior was utilized to explore a single model explaining transit usage in households. Results emphasis on the intentional aspect of transit usage. Perceived behavioral control showed to be effective as well. Additionally habit، access to transit infrastructure، Escorting child to School and distance from home to School showed to be significant.

Alleviating traffic congestion and improving air quality at the School zones, motivating independent decision making abilities and obtaining skills in social networking, as well as combating the increasing rate of obesity requires a comprehensive investigation of mode choice among the children in their daily Trips to/from the Schools. Little attention paid in the literature to educational Trips of students in primary Schools, besides a rather sophisticated process of decision making and modeling parameters encouraged the authors to investigate the significant variables in parental decision making regarding mode choice for the primary School students. 290 Questionnaires were distributed among students in four elementary Schools (including public and private boys and girls Schools) to fill out by the parents in May 2013 in Rasht. The questionnaire contained validated instruments to collect socio-economic and environmental variables as well as the mode they use to take for their kids in daily educational Trips. After refining the disaggregated data, 162 questionnaires were entered into analysis and Multinomial logit model was used to explain the probability that particular modes (namely School bus, walking and the private car of household) are selected by the parents for their kids. The number of vehicles the family owns, the father occupational status, household income, gender of student, distance to School and level of physical exercise of the parents (in a weekly basis) were all recognized statistically significant in the mode type selected for the student. This means that encouraging parents to physical exercise and enhancing the quality of Schools to enable parents to choose closer Schools in the living area are among the policies to encourage the active mode choice by the children.

In most developed countries, reduction of walking to School among children has become a considerable problem causing traffic congestion, air pollution especially near Schools, lack of independent decision making abilities and lack of skills in social networking in children and also it increases rate of obesity. So far, engineering efforts such as development of walking facilities on streets leading to Schools has not necessarily led to promoting School children walking. Hence, this paper has focused on parental attitudes towards traffic, safety besides socio-economic factors, in choosing School trip modes. Particular attention is paid to elementary students walking mode in the frame of questionnaire survey with their parents. The research questionnaire was particularly designed for this purpose and distributed among 290 families with students of elementary grades one to three in four elementary Schools (including both public and private and both boys and girls Schools) in district one of education in May 2013 in Rasht. Based on the data from this field questioning, Multinomial LOGIT Model and MANOVA were used to survey effectiveness and relationships of attitudes components towards traffic safety and socio-economic factors in choosing School trip modes especially walking. Results show that parental believing in safety problems and parental trust towards traffic safety experts, its rules, regulations and priorities besides some socio-economic factors in choosing walking, School service and household vehicle mode are significant. Results also show that children dropped to School by motorized modes have parents believing more towards safety problems and greater confidence towards experts than others who allow their children walk to School. Results indicate a lack of perceived safety of walking mode in School Trips and parents trust towards traffic experts claim of lack of walking safety. Also, parents who perceive more traffic safety rules and priorities, use household vehicles for taking children to School less. It seems necessary for authorities to persuade parents into choosing walking for their children using some strategy such as SR2S (Safe Route to School) and gaining the trust of parents to choose walking.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to compare the sense of belonging to the School, the perception of the School atmosphere and the academic vitality of elementary School boys in non-profit and normal Schools in Qain city. Method: The method of this research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of this research included all elementary students of non-profit and normal Schools in Qain city in the academic year of 2023-2024. From among the statistical population, 114 students (57 regular students and 57 male students from non-profit Schools) were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect research data, Barry, Betty and Watt (2004) School Belonging Questionnaire, Reddy and Rhodes (2007) Perception of School Atmosphere Questionnaire and Martin and Marsh (2008) Academic Vitality Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the research data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Findings: The results of the research data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the variables of feeling of belonging to School, perception of School atmosphere and academic vitality in non-profit and normal School students (p<0.005). In other words, the sense of belonging to the School, the perception of the School atmosphere, and the academic vitality of non-profit students are more than the students of normal Schools.Conclusion:The results of this research showed that the scores of normal students in the studied variables are lower than those of non-profit students, so normal Schools should provide training to strengthen academic variables

The mythical Trips of the world have special structures that differentiate it with other kinds of the Trips. The structure of those Trips have different practical modes. The characters and transportation vehicles are two important practical factors, which help the realization of the Trips with their magical power. There are many Trips in shahname, which match the structure of universal mythical Trips and some Trips, which do not match them. This article aims at comparing the stories of shahname up to the end of Alexander’s story with the other mythical stories. The similarities and differences of these stories have analyzed.

Granting of intellectual property rights on biological materials could be very contentious issue from cultural, legal, ethical and religious points of view. This could be even more complicated, once it acquires an international dimension. The Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (Trips) is the latest international arrangement under which, a complex structure for international protection of intellectual property rights has been created. However, while it embodies some provisions of pervious international documents on intellectual property rights, it reflects a unique and unprecedented scheme of protection of intellectual property rights, which also highlights a tension between developed and developing countries especially over the patentability of biological inventions. The provisions of Trips make it difficult for developing countries to deny such protection. However, it is possible for them to limit the scope of such protection by relying on exceptions provided by Trips and also by relying on the distinction between invention and discovery. These strategies would allow developing countries to exercise some discretion in defining the scope of patentable biotechnologies.

Prevention of non-communicable diseases is dependent on control of risk factors such as low activity. Active transport to School offers opportunities to have minimum physical activity to prevent non-communicable diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parental preferences for their children to use active transport in School Trips، in relation to urban form and parental cognition، as well as socioeconomic variables. 580 questionnaires were distributed among children aged 7 to 12 in Tehran. Each questionnaire was completed by parents and children. Structural equation modeling showed that at 5% significance level، child’ s age (β =-0. 135) and number of children in household (β =-0. 088) had a negative correlation with parental worry regarding children’ s active transport. Parental worry was shown to be higher for girls than boys (β =-0. 160). Household income was negatively associated with parental preferences to use active transport (β =-0. 086). Among variables of the urban form، distance between home and School was positively related with parental worry (β = 0. 148) and negatively related with parental preferences (β =-0. 127). Results indicated that parental worry was positively correlated with population density (β = 0. 128) and streets connectivity (β = 0. 216). Land use mix was also positively correlated with parental preferences (β = 0. 090). Parental worry was shown to be negatively associated with parental preferences for children to use active modes to School (β =-0. 204). The results have been scrutinized and the implications for enhancing active transport have been discussed.